Abstract

The Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory posits three behavioral motivation systems that underly stable behavioral patterns: the behavioral inhibition system (BIS), the behavioral approach system (BAS), and the fight-flight-freeze system (FFFS). The BIS and FFFS inhibit behaviors that may pose a threat to the organism, therefore their sensitivity is associated with a greater propensity to experience negative emotions. Conversely, the BAS is central to approach behaviors aimed at acquiring resources essential for survival and reproduction, however recent studies have shown that four components should be further distinguished within these motivations: goal-setting (BASw), planning and initiating goal-directed actions (BASs), persistence in goal pursuit (BASg), and pleasure derived from goal attainment (BASl). The aim of this study was to examine the relationships between these components and mental health measures, including multiple forms of anxiety (social, somatic, daily, and anxiety in new situations) and depressive symptoms. An online survey was conducted, involving 446 adult participants (272 women) (Mage=34, SD=12). The results of regression analyses indicated that the components of Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory significantly contribute to explaining the variance in different forms of anxiety and depression. The behavioral inhibition system was revealed as the biggest contributor to all models, consistently associated with higher levels of anxiety and depression, thus confirming its pivotal role in threat processing and avoidance of negative outcomes. The behavioral approach system, particularly the BASl component, demonstrated a protective effect. In contrast, the BASw and BASs components were, in some cases, positively associated with depressive symptoms, suggesting the presence of frustrated motivation. The reactive fear system exhibited selective effects, being more relevant for everyday anxiety and depression than for social anxiety. These findings carry potential implications for psychological interventions targeting motivation and emotional response regulation.